# Paradigm

> A consulting and advisory firm helping organizations govern AI and frontier technologies. Its work on a new system for dispute resolution and on digital innovation hubs is ongoing and in development.

Contact: admin@paradigm.legal

## Pages

- [Home](https://paradigm.legal/): Overview of the firm's advisory focus on AI governance, frontier technologies, dispute resolution and digital innovation hubs.
- [The Firm](https://paradigm.legal/the-firm): Co-partners Charles L. Slamowitz and Fahad A. Juneja, firm news, press mentions and panel appearances.
- [Insights](https://paradigm.legal/insights): Published scholarship, Paradigm papers, white papers and vetted Case Alerts with source links.
- [Library](https://paradigm.legal/insights/library): Searchable bibliography of the firm's published scholarship, papers, white papers and presentations, linked to their public sources.
- [Agent Knowledge Portal (Preview)](https://paradigm.legal/agent-portal): Preview search and evidence tools over published Paradigm articles, with source attribution. Paid access, MCP and CLI connectors are not yet live.
- [Sitemap](https://paradigm.legal/sitemap.xml)

## Papers

- [Building Trust Before Automation: Estonia's Integration of AI in its Courts](https://paradigm.legal/insights/building-trust-before-automation-estonia-ai-courts): Paradigm paper (September 2026) by Pranjal Kumar, Fahad A. Juneja, Charles L. Slamowitz. Estonia's digital courts have not replaced human judges; the paper argues for human review, clear safeguards and source checks before wider AI use. Direct PDF: https://paradigm.legal/papers/building-trust-before-automation-estonia-ai-courts.pdf
- [Temporary exemptive relief for tokenized securities venues (PDF, discussion draft, September 26, 2026)](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1dvfPFc3qnBW2cK6-Kq_l1LaXrs8LWred/view): Charles L. Slamowitz's discussion draft, prepared for discussion with the Securities and Exchange Commission under File No. 4-927, on dispute-resolution and enforcement conditions for tokenized securities venues. His views alone; it is a discussion draft, not an SEC filing or Commission statement.
- [Artificial Intelligence in Adjudication and Recognition of Party-Chosen Specialized Forums (PDF, proposal for consideration, September 26, 2026)](https://paradigm.legal/papers/california-corrected-final-oct7.pdf): Charles L. Slamowitz's proposal addressed to the Judicial Council of California's Artificial Intelligence Task Force on a tiered standard for AI use in adjudication and voluntary recognition of specialized, party-chosen forums. Its draft provisions are proposed text, not enacted law; no government adoption or implementation is claimed.

## Published scholarship

- [Adjusting The Dress Code: Implementing Trade Dress Reform to Burgeon User Experience (UX) Protections](https://journals.library.columbia.edu/index.php/lawandarts/article/view/2035): Charles L. Slamowitz. The Columbia Journal of Law & the Arts 41(1), 99–123 (2018). Publisher page.
- [Navigating the DOJ FCPA Opinion Procedure: Certainty for Businesses Facing Increased, Indeterminate Anti-Bribery Enforcement](https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1576&context=naalj): Fahad A. Juneja. 34 Journal of the National Association of Administrative Law Judiciary 283 (2014). Publisher PDF.
- [Profiteering Off Public Health Crises: The Viable Cure for Congressional Insider Trading](https://lawreview.wlulaw.wlu.edu/profiteering-off-public-health-crises-the-viable-cure-for-congressional-insider-trading/): Charles L. Slamowitz. Washington and Lee Law Review Online, vol. 77 (2020). Publisher page.

## Case Alerts

- [Third Circuit Affirms Copyright and Fair Use Rulings in ROSS Case](https://paradigm.legal/insights/third-circuit-ross-copyright-fair-use): October 12, 2026. An opinion reported unsealed on October 12 affirms partial summary judgment over Westlaw headnotes while distinguishing generative AI.
- [UNCITRAL Lists Vienna Session and Damages Side Events](https://paradigm.legal/insights/uncitral-55th-vienna-session-damages-side-events): October 12, 2026. Official listings schedule the 55th Working Group III session for October 12 to 16, with provisional side events on damages, counterclaims and mediation.
- [UK Judiciary Sets Human Decision and AI Approval Safeguards](https://paradigm.legal/insights/uk-judicial-ai-position-statement-human-decisions): October 9, 2026. The judiciary's position statement permits approved AI support but keeps reasoning, evidence evaluation and decisions with judicial office holders.
- [Bitquery Reports Concentration and Timing Disputes in Polymarket Resolution](https://paradigm.legal/insights/bitquery-polymarket-disputes-concentration-timing): October 9, 2026. A Bitquery study reports concentrated voting weight and frequent timing corrections, but removing the largest voters changed none of the sampled outcomes.
- [Hong Kong Consults on Electronic Awards and Arbitration Reform](https://paradigm.legal/insights/hong-kong-consults-electronic-awards-arbitration-reform): October 9, 2026. A stakeholder consultation closing October 27 proposes electronic awards, revised enforcement stays and other arbitration reforms.
- [Factorial Discloses ICDR Vendor Award](https://paradigm.legal/insights/factorial-discloses-icdr-vendor-award): October 9, 2026. An October 9 SEC filing discloses an October 7 final award requiring a net payment of approximately $4.5 million in a contractual vendor dispute.
- [Court of Appeal Reopens Bitcoin Transfer Order Affecting Nonparty Exchange](https://paradigm.legal/insights/court-of-appeal-bitcoin-transfer-order-nonparty-exchange): October 9, 2026. A September 28 judgment addresses a nonparty exchange's right to challenge an order under CPR 40.9; ownership and repayment remain unresolved.
- [USA Today Publishers Sue OpenAI Over Training and Outputs](https://paradigm.legal/insights/usa-today-publishers-openai-training-output-complaint): October 8, 2026. Fourteen publisher entities seek more than $250 million and other relief in a complaint alleging unauthorized copying and competing outputs.
- [ESMA Sets Supervisory Expectations for Noncompliant Stablecoin Services](https://paradigm.legal/insights/esma-supervisory-expectations-noncompliant-stablecoins): October 8, 2026. An opinion to national supervisors covers all MiCA crypto asset services, with strictly limited services for an orderly wind down.
- [CORD Rules Version 2 Address AI Use and Optional Appeals](https://paradigm.legal/insights/cord-arbitration-rules-version-two): October 8, 2026. CORD lists Version 2 dated September 4, 2026, with an AI Practice Note and an optional appeal process.
- [CFTC Seeks Comment on Crypto Asset Transactions and Markets](https://paradigm.legal/insights/cftc-seeks-comment-crypto-asset-transactions-markets): October 8, 2026. An October 5 advance notice seeks public input on possible CTX and CAM regulation.
- [SEC Proposes Crypto Asset Custody Framework](https://paradigm.legal/insights/sec-proposes-crypto-asset-custody-framework): October 7, 2026. On October 1, 2026, the SEC proposed a framework addressing custody of crypto assets under the Investment Advisers Act and Investment Company Act.
- [World Bank Urges Practical AI Adoption and Stronger Foundations in Africa](https://paradigm.legal/insights/world-bank-africa-ai-readiness-practical-deployment): October 6, 2026. The October Africa Economic Update pairs locally adapted, low bandwidth AI applications with investment in the foundations needed to use them.
- [BIA Designates AI-Related Reciprocal Discipline Decision as Precedent](https://paradigm.legal/insights/bia-designates-sethi-ai-discipline-decision-as-precedent): October 3, 2026. Matter of Sethi became precedent October 1; its six-month reciprocal suspension runs from June 13, 2026.
- [ICBA Challenges OCC National Trust Bank Rule](https://paradigm.legal/insights/icba-challenges-occ-national-trust-bank-rule): October 3, 2026. ICBA filed an October 2 challenge in D.D.C.; its claims about OCC authority remain allegations.
- [African Court Outlines Judicial Digitalization Priorities](https://paradigm.legal/insights/african-court-outlines-digitalization-priorities): October 3, 2026. The Court’s 2026–2028 strategic plan includes greater digitalization and institutional capacity.
- [UK FCA Opens Crypto Authorisation Gateway](https://paradigm.legal/insights/uk-fca-opens-crypto-authorisation-gateway): September 30, 2026. The FCA opened its cryptoasset authorisation gateway on September 30; firms intending to continue operating should apply by February 28, 2027.
- [LASST Complaint Seeks Injunction Over OpenAI Agent Intrusion](https://paradigm.legal/insights/lasst-complaint-openai-agent-intrusion): September 29, 2026. A complaint published by LASST alleges unauthorized agent access to Hugging Face and seeks injunctive relief; the allegations remain unresolved.
- [D.C. Circuit Upholds Claude Supply-Chain Exclusion](https://paradigm.legal/insights/dc-circuit-upholds-claude-supply-chain-exclusion): September 29, 2026. The D.C. Circuit rejected Anthropic's challenge to the Department of War's exclusion of Claude from its supply chain.
- [Google Contests EU Rules on Android AI Access and Search Data](https://paradigm.legal/insights/google-contests-eu-rules-on-android-ai-access-and-search-data): September 29, 2026. Google is contesting Commission measures on Android AI access and search-data sharing; its appeal is attributed to reporting.
- [Florida Seeks Temporary Limits on OpenAI; Astra Report Raises Authorization Questions](https://paradigm.legal/insights/florida-seeks-temporary-limits-on-openai-astra-authorization-questions): September 29, 2026. Florida moved for a temporary injunction against OpenAI; separately, reports say OpenAI shelved a GPT-6.1 Astra release after internal tests.
- [ADX and Southern African Exchanges Agree to Explore Tabadul Links](https://paradigm.legal/insights/adx-and-southern-african-exchanges-agree-to-explore-tabadul-links): September 29, 2026. ADX Group and CoSSE signed a memorandum of understanding to explore possible connections to the Tabadul network.
- [Clio Names Bridget McCormack to Judiciary Role](https://paradigm.legal/insights/clio-names-bridget-mccormack-judiciary-role): September 28, 2026. Clio announced Bridget Mary McCormack will join in October as General Manager, Judiciary.
- [EBA Sets Out Priorities for MiCA Review](https://paradigm.legal/insights/eba-sets-out-priorities-for-mica-review): September 28, 2026. The EBA responded to the Commission's targeted MiCA review consultation; its points are recommendations, not enacted changes.
- [Music Publishers Sue Anthropic Over Alleged Lyrics Copying](https://paradigm.legal/insights/music-publishers-sue-anthropic-over-alleged-lyrics-copying): September 28, 2026. Music publishers filed a complaint against Anthropic in the Northern District of California; the claims are unresolved allegations.
- [South African Court Treats Bitcoin as Money and Capital for Exchange Controls](https://paradigm.legal/insights/south-african-court-treats-bitcoin-as-money-and-capital): September 28, 2026. A Johannesburg High Court judgment held Bitcoin is money and capital under exchange-control rules and upheld forfeiture orders.
- [The Clearing House Selects Quant for Planned On-Chain Network](https://paradigm.legal/insights/clearing-house-selects-quant-on-chain-network): September 27, 2026. The Clearing House named Quant as technology partner for its planned On-Chain Money Initiative; no live network was announced.
- [Italy Publishes AI Liability Decree, Effective September 30](https://paradigm.legal/insights/italy-publishes-ai-liability-decree-effective-september-30): September 27, 2026. Legislative Decree No. 160/2026 entered into force September 30; its high-risk AI offences depend on specified omissions and resulting danger.
- [California Governor Signs SB 574 on Legal Professionals and AI](https://paradigm.legal/insights/california-ai-bill-legal-professionals-remains-pending): September 25, 2026. The Governor's September 30 announcement lists SB 574 among the signed bills.
- [UNDP Calls for Locally Grounded AI Governance in Africa](https://paradigm.legal/insights/undp-locally-grounded-ai-governance-africa): September 24, 2026. UNDP authors argue for locally grounded capabilities, risk management and value tied to African priorities.
- [AAA and Jus Mundi Survey AI Use in U.S. Arbitration](https://paradigm.legal/insights/aaa-jus-mundi-survey-ai-us-arbitration): September 23, 2026. A 557-person practitioner survey found greater trust among regular users, alongside accuracy and confidentiality concerns.
- [Oxford Scholars Continue Debate Over Crowdsourced Arbitration](https://paradigm.legal/insights/oxford-scholars-crowdsourced-arbitration-debate): September 22, 2026. A scholarly rejoinder argues that prediction-based voting remains distinct from adjudication; it is not a court ruling.
- [European Central Banks Urge MiCA Stablecoin Reserve Change](https://paradigm.legal/insights/european-central-banks-mica-stablecoin-reserve-change): September 22, 2026. European central banks recommended a MiCA reserve-rule change; the proposal is not adopted law.
- [Kenya's President Calls for African AI Capacity](https://paradigm.legal/insights/kenya-president-african-ai-capacity): September 22, 2026. President William Ruto called for African AI capacity grounded in local languages, infrastructure, skills and priorities.
- [Kenya and Hoover Institution Agree to AI Cooperation](https://paradigm.legal/insights/kenya-hoover-institution-ai-cooperation): September 21, 2026. A joint declaration creates a framework for cooperation on AI, technology, research and policy.
- [AI Developers Face Antitrust Complaint Over Alleged Coordination](https://paradigm.legal/insights/ai-developers-antitrust-complaint-alleged-coordination): September 18, 2026. A proposed class action alleges coordination among AI developers; no finding of collusion has been made.
- [Sony and Universal Bring New Suno Copyright Suit](https://paradigm.legal/insights/sony-universal-new-suno-copyright-suit): September 18, 2026. Sony and Universal allege Suno's v6 model remains tied to earlier infringement; the defense and merits are unresolved.
- [EU MiCA Review Consultation Open Through Sept. 30](https://paradigm.legal/insights/eu-mica-review-consultation-open-september-30): September 18, 2026. The European Commission's targeted MiCA review consultation remains open through Sept. 30 at 23:59 CEST.
- [SEC Grants Conditional Relief for Tokenized-Stock Trading](https://paradigm.legal/insights/sec-conditional-relief-tokenized-stock-trading): September 17, 2026. The SEC granted temporary, conditional exemptions, not a blanket license for public-blockchain trading.
- [U.S. Judiciary Updates AI Guidance for Federal Courts](https://paradigm.legal/insights/us-judiciary-updates-ai-guidance-federal-courts): September 17, 2026. Interim guidance cautions courts not to delegate core judicial functions to AI; further guidance is expected.
- [Wits LINK Centre and CRASA Sign Digital-Policy MoU](https://paradigm.legal/insights/wits-link-centre-crasa-digital-policy-mou): September 17, 2026. An MoU covers regional digital-policy research and capacity building; activities depend on institutional processes, funding and project agreements.
- [U.K. Courts Minister Urges Careful Court AI Adoption](https://paradigm.legal/insights/uk-courts-minister-urges-careful-court-ai-adoption): September 16, 2026. A minister urged embracing AI in the justice system; this is a statement and development plans, not deployment.
- [HKIAC Kigali Workshop on Arbitration Clauses for Chinese-African Transactions](https://paradigm.legal/insights/hkiac-kigali-workshop-arbitration-clauses-chinese-african-transactions): September 16, 2026. HKIAC advertised a Kigali workshop on arbitration clauses for Chinese-African transactions. Event listing only.
- [Senate Rejects Cloture on Digital-Asset CLARITY Act](https://paradigm.legal/insights/clarity-act-stalls-us-senate): September 15, 2026. The Senate rejected cloture 49 to 50, with one not voting. The failed procedural vote does not bar the bill from returning.
- [African Court and UNESCO Train Court Staff on AI](https://paradigm.legal/insights/african-court-unesco-train-court-staff-ai): September 15, 2026. A four-day seminar trained judges and court staff on responsible AI use and fairness risks.
- [NY AG Leads 18-State Coalition Opposing CLARITY Act](https://paradigm.legal/insights/ny-ag-18-state-coalition-opposes-clarity-act): September 14, 2026. An 18-state coalition opposed the CLARITY Act over state anti-fraud enforcement concerns; this is the coalition's position.
- [Anthropic CEO Calls for Slower Frontier-Model Development](https://paradigm.legal/insights/anthropic-ceo-calls-slower-frontier-model-development): September 12, 2026. Reuters reports the Anthropic CEO called for slowing frontier-model capability gains, with independent evaluators; Altman publicly agreed.
- [Anthropic Threat-Intelligence Report Details Attacks on Customer Environments](https://paradigm.legal/insights/anthropic-threat-intelligence-report-customer-environments): September 10, 2026. Anthropic's report describes attacks on customer environments and API key abuse; it says its own systems were not compromised.
- [Suno Announces v6 Model With Industry Partners](https://paradigm.legal/insights/suno-announces-v6-model-industry-partners): September 9, 2026. Suno says its v6 model was developed with industry partners; that does not establish licensing terms or resolve litigation.
- [AAA Announces Leadership Transition](https://paradigm.legal/insights/aaa-announces-leadership-transition): September 9, 2026. Bridget McCormack steps down Oct. 2; Steve Errick becomes interim CEO. The release did not name the new organization.
- [UNCITRAL Tenth Working Group III Intersessional in Vietnam](https://paradigm.legal/insights/uncitral-tenth-working-group-three-intersessional-vietnam): 2026. UNCITRAL lists its tenth Working Group III intersessional meeting in Vietnam on investment-dispute-settlement reform.
- [Authors Guild Details Anthropic Settlement Claims Reconciliation](https://paradigm.legal/insights/authors-guild-anthropic-settlement-claims-reconciliation): September 4, 2026. The Authors Guild explains settlement claims reconciliation, overlapping title claims and a staged dispute process.
- [Quebec Courts Set Common Guidelines for Judges' Use of Generative AI](https://paradigm.legal/insights/quebec-courts-common-generative-ai-guidelines): September 4, 2026. Shared guidelines keep judicial reasoning and decisions with human judges while permitting bounded assistance.
- [Individual Internet-Draft Proposes Agent-Dispute Protocol](https://paradigm.legal/insights/individual-internet-draft-agent-dispute-protocol): September 4, 2026. An individual Internet-Draft proposes an agent-dispute protocol; it is not IETF-endorsed or a formal standard.
- [Ireland Requires Verification of GenAI-Assisted Court Filings](https://paradigm.legal/insights/ireland-requires-verification-genai-court-filings): September 1, 2026. Practice Direction HC 142 requires independent verification of GenAI-assisted court documents; noncompliance may bring sanctions.
- [WIPO Artificial Intelligence Infrastructure Interchange](https://paradigm.legal/insights/wipo-artificial-intelligence-infrastructure-interchange): September 2026. A WIPO dialogue addresses AI-related technical infrastructure; WIPO says it does not set policy or legal standards.
- [Botswana Employment and Labour Relations Act Takes Effect](https://paradigm.legal/insights/botswana-employment-labour-relations-act-takes-effect): September 2026. Botswana's Employment and Labour Relations Act 2025 took effect in September, establishing a Mediation and Arbitration Commission.
- [Sony and Warner Sue Anthropic Over Song Compositions](https://paradigm.legal/insights/sony-warner-sue-anthropic-song-compositions): August 31, 2026. A complaint alleges unauthorized use of song compositions in Claude training; Anthropic asserts fair use.
- [Singapore Court Rejects Tata Power's Challenges to SIAC Award](https://paradigm.legal/insights/singapore-court-rejects-tata-power-siac-challenges): August 26, 2026. The court dismissed three challenges to a roughly US$490 million award; the judgment illustrates disclosure and set-aside standards.
- [South African Court Hears Appeal Over Digital Social Grants](https://paradigm.legal/insights/south-african-court-appeal-digital-social-grants): August 25, 2026. An appeal over online-only social-grant applications raises access and fairness questions; judgment was reserved.
- [Australia Fair Work Commission Issues GenAI Case Guidance](https://paradigm.legal/insights/australia-fair-work-commission-genai-case-guidance): August 24, 2026. GenAI case guidance, applicable from Oct. 20, requires disclosure, accuracy checks and personal verification of witness statements.
- [Mauritius Ratifies the Singapore Convention on Mediation](https://paradigm.legal/insights/mauritius-ratifies-singapore-convention-mediation): August 17, 2026. UNCITRAL confirms Mauritius ratified the Singapore Convention on Mediation; entry into force for Mauritius is Feb. 17, 2027.
- [Kleros Commerce and Agentic Commerce Courts Live on V2 Mainnet](https://paradigm.legal/insights/kleros-commerce-agentic-commerce-courts-v2-mainnet): August 2026. Kleros documentation says two commerce courts went live on V2 mainnet; parameters and pilot design remain under discussion.
- [Munich Regional Court Rules for GEMA Against Suno](https://paradigm.legal/insights/munich-regional-court-rules-gema-suno): July 31, 2026. GEMA says Munich's regional court ruled for it against Suno; the claim is as GEMA states it.
- [Granola Faces Proposed Class Action Over Meeting-Note Consent](https://paradigm.legal/insights/granola-proposed-class-action-meeting-note-consent): July 30, 2026. A proposed class action alleges undisclosed capture and training use; the claims are not established product behavior or a ruling.
- [AAA Launches Web3 Arbitrator Panel](https://paradigm.legal/insights/aaa-launches-web3-arbitrator-panel): July 29, 2026. AAA launched a specialist Web3 arbitrator panel for blockchain, smart contract and digital asset disputes.
- [Court Grants Final Approval to $1.5B Bartz/Anthropic Settlement](https://paradigm.legal/insights/court-grants-final-approval-bartz-anthropic-settlement): July 20, 2026. Final approval covers specified past input-copying claims, not outputs or future conduct.
- [UNCITRAL Adopts Texts on Electronic Arbitral Awards and Notices](https://paradigm.legal/insights/uncitral-adopts-texts-electronic-arbitral-awards-notices): July 6, 2026. UNCITRAL adopted texts facilitating the use of electronic arbitral awards and notices of arbitration.
- [Kenya Artificial Intelligence Bill Pending in the Senate](https://paradigm.legal/insights/kenya-artificial-intelligence-bill-pending-senate): 2026. Kenya's Artificial Intelligence Bill 2026 exists as a Senate bill, not enacted law.
- [JAMS Posts Request for Information for AI Expert Vendors](https://paradigm.legal/insights/jams-posts-request-for-information-ai-expert-vendors): 2026. JAMS posted a request for information for AI expert vendors.
- [UK SRA Warns Solicitors on Misuse of AI](https://paradigm.legal/insights/uk-sra-warns-solicitors-misuse-of-ai): 2026. The SRA published a warning notice on the misuse of AI by solicitors.